Grammar reference
Every rule, declension, and conjugation - browse by category or search any word.
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Articles
Nouns
- The Three Genders
- Noun Endings by Gender
- Nominative vs Accusative
- The Accusative of the Article and Noun
- The Genitive Case & Possession
- The Vocative Case (Direct Address)
- Masculine -ης Nouns
- Feminine -ος Nouns (η οδός)
- The Genitive-Plural Stress Shift
- The Masculine Genitive & Its Stress Shift
- The Feminine Genitive
- The Neuter Genitive
- Possession with the Genitive
- Neuter Nouns in -ος
- Imparisyllabic Nouns
- The Whole Noun System
- Diminutives & Augmentatives
- Days, Months, Seasons & Dates
Adjectives
Verbs
- Present Tense - Group 1 Verbs
- Present Tense - Group 2 Verbs
- Aspect - the Perfective / Imperfective Choice
- The Imperfect (Imperfective Past)
- The Aorist (Perfective Past)
- Common Irregular Aorists
- Mediopassive Verbs - Deponents & Daily-Routine Reflexives
- The Mediopassive Voice - the Whole System
- The Mediopassive Present - Both Types
- The Mediopassive Imperfect (-όμουν)
- The Mediopassive Aorist (-θηκα) & its Sound Changes
- Deponents in the Past
- Active vs Mediopassive - the Meaning Flips
- The Productive Passive - the Whole Tense Picture
- The Future Passive (θα + the -εί Stem)
- The Perfect Passive (έχω γραφτεί)
- The Pluperfect Passive (είχα γραφτεί)
- The Agent Phrase (από + Accusative)
- Turning Active into Passive
- The -μένος Participle (γραμμένος)
- State vs Event: είναι γραμμένο vs έχει γραφτεί
- The Future Tense (θα)
- The Subjunctive Particle να (No Infinitive)
- Modal Verbs + να (θέλω / πρέπει / μπορώ)
- The Perfect (παρακείμενος) - “I have …”
- The Pluperfect (υπερσυντέλικος) - “I had …”
- The Gerund (-οντας / -ώντας)
- είμαι and έχω
- ήμουν and είχα: the Past of είμαι and έχω
- The Imperfect: Group 2
- The Aorist: Group 2
- να γράψω or να γράφω: the Aspect Choice
- The Imperative
- The Negative Command: μη(ν) + Subjunctive
- Using the Gerund
- The -μένος Participle: an Overview
- Forming -μένος: the Stem Changes
- Everyday Participles
Pronouns
- Personal Pronouns (Strong Forms)
- Weak Object Pronouns (Clitics)
- Possessive Clitics
- Clitic Placement with the Verb
- Double-Object Clitic Combinations
- The Relative Pronoun ο οποίος
- Question Words: ποιος, τι, πόσος
- This & That: αυτός, εκείνος
- Somebody, Something, Everybody
- Nobody, Nothing: κανένας and τίποτα
- Commands with Pronouns
- ο οποίος after a Preposition
- που vs ο οποίος
Syntax & Writing System
- The Greek Alphabet
- Stress and the Tonos
- Basic Word Order
- Real Conditionals (αν + θα)
- Present-Unreal Conditionals (αν + imperfect, θα + imperfect)
- Past-Unreal Conditionals (αν + pluperfect, θα + pluperfect)
- Real vs Unreal Conditionals - the Whole System
- Relative Clauses with που
- Reporting a Statement (ότι / πως)
- ότι/πως vs να - Which Linker
- No Backshift in Reported Speech
- Indirect Questions (question word + αν)
- Concessive Clauses (αν και / παρόλο που / μολονότι)
- Result Clauses (ώστε / έτσι ώστε)
- The Formal Conditional (εφόσον)
- Purpose Clauses (προκειμένου να / με σκοπό να)
- Reported Speech with Backshift (present → imperfect)
- Backshift in the Past (aorist → pluperfect, future → θα + imperfect)
- Shift or Keep? - Perspective, Not Obligation
- Reported Questions & Commands
- Full Counterfactuals - Past-Unreal Chains
- Mixed Conditionals (past cause → present result)
- Contrast Connectors (ωστόσο / εντούτοις / από την άλλη)
- Consequence Connectors (επομένως / συνεπώς / άρα)
- Reformulation & Clarification (δηλαδή / με άλλα λόγια)
- Affirmation & Enumeration (πράγματι / καταρχάς / αφενός…αφετέρου)
- Formal / λόγιος Register Awareness
- The Prefix ξανα- (“again / re-”)
- The Prefix ξε- (“un- / off / de-”)
- The Prefix κατα- (“utterly / down”)
- Compounding & the -ο- Linking Vowel
- Derived Word Families
- Flexible Word Order & Emphasis
- Two Letters, One Sound: μπ, ντ, γκ
- γγ, τσ and τζ
- Four Pairs, Three Sounds: αι, ει, οι, ου
- αυ and ευ: the v / f Switch
- The Movable Final -ν
- Negation: δεν and μη(ν)
- Yes/No Questions & the Greek Question Mark
- Prepositions & the Accusative
- Telling the Time